**Hypostomus melanephelis**
**Definition**
*Hypostomus melanephelis* is a species of freshwater catfish in the family Loricariidae, native to South America. It is known for its distinctive coloration and armored body, typical of the genus *Hypostomus*.
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## Hypostomus melanephelis
### Taxonomy and Nomenclature
*Hypostomus melanephelis* was formally described in 2005 by researchers Cláudio H. Zawadzki, Claude Weber, and C. S. Pavanelli. It belongs to the family Loricariidae, commonly referred to as the armored catfishes, which is one of the largest families of catfish. The genus *Hypostomus* is characterized by species that possess bony plates covering their bodies and a ventral mouth adapted for suction.
The species name *melanephelis* is derived from Greek roots meaning „black” (melan-) and „cloud” or „spot” (ephelis), referring to the distinctive dark blotches or spots on the fish’s body.
### Description
*Hypostomus melanephelis* exhibits the typical morphology of loricariid catfishes, with a dorsoventrally flattened body covered in bony plates, a broad head, and a ventrally positioned mouth adapted for adhering to surfaces. Adults reach a standard length of approximately 20 to 25 centimeters (7.9 to 9.8 inches).
The coloration of *H. melanephelis* is notable for its pattern of dark, irregular blotches or spots on a lighter background, which provides camouflage against the rocky and sediment-laden substrates of its natural habitat. The fins are generally well-developed, with the dorsal fin featuring a strong spine. The species has odontodes (dermal teeth) on the cheeks and pectoral fins, which are more prominent in males, especially during the breeding season.
### Distribution and Habitat
*Hypostomus melanephelis* is endemic to the upper Paraná River basin in Brazil. It inhabits freshwater environments, particularly clear to turbid rivers and streams with moderate to strong currents. The species is often found in areas with rocky or sandy substrates, where it can use its suction mouth to cling to submerged surfaces.
The upper Paraná basin is characterized by a diverse ichthyofauna and a variety of aquatic habitats, ranging from fast-flowing rapids to slower-moving pools. *H. melanephelis* tends to prefer habitats with ample shelter such as submerged logs, rocks, and crevices, which provide protection from predators and strong currents.
### Ecology and Behavior
As a member of the Loricariidae, *Hypostomus melanephelis* is primarily a benthic feeder. Its diet consists mainly of algae, biofilm, detritus, and other organic matter scraped from submerged surfaces. The species plays an important ecological role in controlling algal growth and contributing to nutrient cycling within its ecosystem.
Behaviorally, *H. melanephelis* is mostly nocturnal or crepuscular, being more active during low-light conditions. During the day, individuals often remain hidden under rocks or within crevices. The species exhibits territorial behavior, especially males during the breeding season, defending nesting sites against conspecifics and other fish.
### Reproduction
Reproductive biology of *Hypostomus melanephelis* follows patterns typical of many loricariids. Spawning generally occurs during the rainy season when water levels rise, providing increased habitat availability and food resources. Males prepare and guard nests in cavities or under submerged objects, where females deposit adhesive eggs.
Parental care is primarily provided by the male, who guards the eggs until they hatch, fanning them to ensure adequate oxygenation. The fry remain in the nest for several days post-hatching before dispersing. Sexual dimorphism is evident, with males developing more pronounced odontodes and broader heads during the breeding period.
### Conservation Status
As of the latest assessments, *Hypostomus melanephelis* has not been evaluated by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). However, like many freshwater fish species in the Paraná basin, it may face threats from habitat degradation, pollution, dam construction, and water extraction.
The upper Paraná River basin has undergone significant anthropogenic changes, including hydroelectric dam development and deforestation, which have altered flow regimes and habitat availability. Conservation of *H. melanephelis* depends on maintaining water quality and habitat integrity in its native range.
### Importance to Humans
*Hypostomus melanephelis* is of interest to the aquarium trade due to its distinctive appearance and manageable size. It is sometimes kept by hobbyists who specialize in loricariid catfishes. In the wild, it contributes to the ecological balance of riverine systems by controlling algal growth.
There is no significant commercial fishery targeting *H. melanephelis*, and it is not known to be used for food on a large scale. Its role is primarily ecological and ornamental.
### Research and Studies
Scientific interest in *Hypostomus melanephelis* has focused on its taxonomy, ecology, and distribution within the Paraná basin. Studies have contributed to understanding the diversity of loricariid catfishes in South America and the evolutionary relationships within the genus *Hypostomus*.
Further research is needed to clarify its population dynamics, reproductive biology, and responses to environmental changes. Such information is critical for developing conservation strategies and managing freshwater biodiversity in the region.
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**Meta Description:**
*Hypostomus melanephelis* is a species of armored catfish native to the upper Paraná River basin in Brazil, known for its distinctive dark blotches and ecological role in freshwater habitats. This article provides a comprehensive overview of its taxonomy, biology, habitat, and conservation.